ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER PARAMETER OF KADUNA METROPOLIS, USING STATISTICAL APPROACH AND BASIC DRINKING WATER STANDARD
- Authors
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Ugwu, S. J
National Water Resources Institute, Mando, Kaduna
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Nwude, M. O
National Water Resources Institute, Mando, Kaduna
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Shariff, F. U
National Water Resources Institute, Mando, Kaduna
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- Keywords:
- Physico-chemical,, urbanization, groundwater, pollution, nthropogenic- activity
- Abstract
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Ground water pollution is a global issue. It is vulnerable to a variety of threats, including overuse and contamination. The extent and degree of severity of groundwater pollution is more prominent in major cities, like Kaduna Metropolis where urbanization is in the increase due to industrialization and commercial activities. The research is aimed at assessing the impact of urbanization on groundwater quality in Kaduna Metropolis. Fifty (50) groundwater samples, 29 boreholes and 21 hand dug wells were analysed using international recommended methods. Physicochemical parameters analysed include: electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolve solid (TDS), PH, turbidity, appearance, total alkalinity, total hardness (TH), nitrate (), fluoride (F), chloride () and sulphate). The results show the range of the analysed parameters in the samples as follows: electrical conductivity (EC) 56.8 – 1161.4 µS/cm, total dissolved solid (TDS) 29.1 – 578.4 mg/L, pH 5.1 – 7.6, turbidity 0.4 – 74 NTU, appearance clear – reddish –brown, total alkalinity 10.0 mg/L – 128 mg/L, total hardness 27 mg/L – 512 mg/L, nitrate () 0.1 – 61.32 mg/L, fluoride (F) 0.01 – 0.96 mg/L, chloride (), 9.23 – 173.4 mg/L, sulphate ) 0 – 102 mg/L. Parameters which did not conform with the standards (WHO and NSDWQ) are location within the central city where industrial and commercial activities are high as well as locations near the reference point where poor sanitation and other anthropogenic activities are in the increase. The results of the physico-chemical analysis indicate that 60% of the samples show a significant difference in their mean values while 40% show no significant variation in their respective mean values. Hence, appropriate measures should be taken to treat the groundwater by way of disinfection and boiling before drinking.
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